Backgrounders
Artist’s interpretation of astronaut in space (isitsharp, iStockphoto)
Artist’s interpretation of astronaut in space (isitsharp, iStockphoto)
Physics, Heat and Energy, Waves, Sound, Light
Let's Talk Science
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AB12Physics 30 (2007, Updated 2014)Unit D: Atomic Physics
MB12Senior 4 Physics (2005)Topic 4: Medical Physics
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NL11Physics 2204 (2018)Unit 3: Work and Energy
NS12Physics 12 (2015, 2019)Radioactivity
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QCSec IVEnvironmental Science and TechnologyThe Material World
QCSec IVScience and the EnvironmentThe Material World
SK12Physics 30 (2017)Modern Physics
NT12Physics 30 (Alberta, 2007, Updated 2014)Unit D: Atomic Physics
AB8Knowledge and Employability Science 8, 9 (revised 2009)Unit C: Light and Optical Systems
AB12Science 30 (2007, Updated 2014)Unit C: Electromagnetic Energy
AB12Physics 30 (2007, Updated 2014)Unit C: Electromagnetic Radiation
AB8Science 7-8-9 (2003, updated 2014)Unit C: Light and Optical Systems
BC8Science Grade 8 (June 2016)Big Idea: Energy can be transferred as both a particle and a wave.
MB8Science Grade 8 (2000)Cluster 2: Optics
MB11Senior 3 Physics (2003)Topic 2: The Nature of Light
NB6Science 6: Wayfinding: Making sense of your world (2020)Behaviour and Properties of Light
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NL8Grade 8 ScienceUnit 3: Optics (revised 2012)
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NU8Knowledge and Employability Science 8 (Alberta, Revised 2009)Unit C: Light and Optical Systems
NU8Science 8 (Alberta, 2003, updated 2014)Unit C: Light and Optical Systems
NU12Science 30 (Alberta, 2007, Updated 2014)Unit C: Electromagnetic Energy
NU12Physics 30 (2007, Updated 2014)Unit C: Electromagnetic Radiation
ON10Science Grade 10 Academic (SNC2D)Strand E: Light and Geometric Optics
ON10Science Grade 10 Applied (SNC2P)Strand E: Light and Applications of Optics
ON12Physics, Grade 12, University (SPH4U)Strand E: The Wave Nature of Light
PE8Science Grade 8 (revised 2016)Unit 3: Optics
QCSec IIIScience and TechnologyMaterial World
QCSec IIIApplied Science and TechnologyMaterial World
YT8Science Grade 8 (British Columbia, June 2016)Big Idea: Energy can be transferred as both a particle and a wave.
SK8Science Grade 8 (2009)Physical Science – Optics and Vision (OP)
SK11Physical Sciences 20 (2016)Properties of Waves
NT8Knowledge and Employability Science 8 (Alberta, Revised 2009)Unit C: Light and Optical Systems
NT8Science 8 (Alberta, 2003, updated 2014)Unit C: Light and Optical Systems
NT12Science 30 (Alberta, 2007, Updated 2014)Unit C: Electromagnetic Energy
NT12Physics 30 (Alberta, 2007, Updated 2014)Unit C: Electromagnetic Radiation
NU12Physics 3204 (2019)Unit 4: Introduction to Quantum Physics
ON11Environmental Science, Grade 11, Workplace (SVN3E)Strand C: Human Health and the environment
ON12Earth and Space Science, Grade 12, University (SES4U)Strand C: Planetary science (Science of the Solar System)
NS11Physics 11 (2021)Waves
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Learn about the different types of radiation, how they interact with atoms and how they can affect you.
Radiation is a type of energy that can travel through space. Sometimes it travels in the form of a wave. That’s called electromagnetic radiation. Sometimes, it travels as a beam of fast-moving particles. That’s called particle radiation.
Radiation is all around you! And it’s been there all your life.
What is electromagnetic radiation?
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves. The waves contain electric and magnetic energy.
The electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) includes different types of energy waves. At one end of the spectrum, there are very low energy waves. Radio waves are an example of low energy waves. At the other end of the spectrum, there are very high energy waves. Gamma rays are an example of high energy waves.
Frequency and wavelength are used to describe EMR. Frequency refers to the number of waves per second. Wavelength refers to the distance between two adjacent wave peaks. The higher a wave’s frequency, the shorter its wavelength. For example, gamma rays have a very small wavelength and very high frequency. They also have a lot of energy!
There are seven natural forms of EMR. Gamma rays have the highest energy and shortest wavelength. Then come X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared radiation and microwave radiation. Finally, radio waves have the lowest energy and longest wavelength.
You can only sense two parts of the EMS. You can feel infrared radiation and you can see visible light. Radio waves, X-rays and gamma rays can pass through your body. But you can’t see them or feel them.
Electromagnetic radiation travels in little packets (quanta) of energy. These charge-less bundles of energy are called photons. They travel at the speed of light (2.998 × 108 m/s) in a vacuum.
What is the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?
Radiation can be either non-ionizing or ionizing.
Non-ionizing radiation doesn’t have enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules. That means it can’t cause atoms to gain or lose electrons.
There are several types of non-ionizing radiation. They include near ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves and radio waves. Even if it can’t ionize atoms, these types of radiation aren’t completely harmless. For example, microwaves have enough energy to cook your food. And ultraviolet light can give you a sunburn.
Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms. This creates ions.
Ionizing radiation includes far ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays. These types of high-energy radiation can cause cancer or even kill cells directly. That’s why you wear a lead apron when getting a dental X-ray.
The amount of radiation in a single X-ray isn’t harmful! But the radiation from a large number of X-rays could be dangerous. That’s why people who operate X-ray equipment leave the room.
What is particle radiation?
Particle radiation is made up of atomic or subatomic particles. These particles include protons, neutrons and electrons. They all have kinetic energy. That’s the energy is the energy an object has when it’s in motion.
Both alpha particles and beta particles produce ionizing radiation. The charge they carry can remove electrons from atoms. They can also interact directly with an atom’s electrons through Coulombic forces.
Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons. These particles are large, slow-moving and positively charged. An alpha particle is identical to the nucleus of a helium atom.
Beta particles are small and fast-moving. They can have a positive charge (positrons) or a negative charge (electrons).
Each alpha particle has two protons and two neutrons. A beta particle can be a high speed electron or positron (© 2019 Let’s Talk Science).
Neutrons are particles located in the nucleus of an atom. Unlike protons and electrons, they are not charged.
Neutron radiation is a type of indirectly ionizing radiation. It’s made up of free neutrons that have been released from atoms.
Free neutrons can react with the nuclei of other atoms to form isotopes. These isotopes can then emit radiation, such as gamma rays. Neutron radiation is called indirectly ionizing radiation. That’s because it doesn’t ionize atoms in the same way as charged particles.
References
Brennan, J. (2018, March 13). What are alpha, beta & gamma particles?Sciencing.
Mirion Technologies. (2015, March 31). What is radiation?
National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). NCI dictionary of cancer terms: Non-ionizing radiation.
Ontario Ministry of Labour. (2013, November). Personal protective equipment in radiology.
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (2017, October 2). Radiation Basics.
Radiation
X-rays
Gamma Rays
Microwaves
Ultraviolet
Visible Light
Particle Physics
Radio Waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum